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friulian language
Friulian or Friulan (' or affectionately ' in Friulian, ' in Italian, ''ドイツ語:Furlanisch'' in German, ' in Slovene; also ''Friulian''), is a Romance language belonging to the Rhaeto-Romance family, spoken in the Friuli region of northeastern Italy. Friulian has around 300,000 speakers, the vast majority of whom also speak Italian. It is sometimes called Eastern Ladin, since it shares the same roots as Ladin, although over the centuries it has diverged under the influence of surrounding languages, including German, Italian, Venetian, and Slovene. Documents in Friulian are attested from the 11th century, and poetry and literature dating as far back as 1300. By the 20th century, there was a revival of interest in the language, which has continued to this day.
== History ==
A question which causes many debates is the influence of the Latin spoken in Aquileia and surrounding areas. Some claim that it had peculiar features that later passed into Friulian. Epigraphs and inscriptions from that period show some variants if compared to the standard Latin language, but most of these are common to other areas of the Roman Empire; often it is cited that Fortunatianus, bishop of Aquileia from 342 till circa 357, wrote a commentary to the Gospel in ''sermo rusticus'', that is, in the language spoken by the people, which therefore can be assumed to have been quite different from Standard Latin.〔(storia )〕 The text itself did not survive, so its language cannot be examined – but its attested existence testifies to a shift between languages that didn't exist, for example, in other important communities of Northern Italy. The language spoken before the arrival of the Romans in 181 BC was of Celtic origin, since the inhabitants belonged to the Carni, a Celtic population. In modern Friulian the words of Celtic origins are a lot (names of elements of mountains,of woods, plants, animals and generally nature) and much influence of the original population is shown in toponyms (names of villages which end in ''-acco'', ''-icco'' are an example). Even influences from Longobardic language—Friuli was one of their strongholds—are very frequent.
In Friulian there are also a lot of German, Slovenian and Venetian words.
From this evidence, scholars today agree that the formation of Friulian dates back to around 1000, at the same time as other dialects derived from Latin (see Vulgar Latin). The first written records of Friulian have been found in administrative acts of the 13th century, but these documents became more frequent in the following century, when literary works also emerged (''Frammenti letterari'' for example). The main center at that time was Cividale. The Friulian language has never acquired official status: legal statutes were first written in Latin, then in Venetian, and finally in Italian.
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